Diablo 4 Season 15 is not ready for a final class tier list. Patch 3.2.0 was a Public Test Realm build, the test ran from August 4 through August 11, 2026, and Blizzard explicitly said player feedback would be used to adjust balance before the season goes live. What the PTR does give us is a useful first picture of direction: Barbarian takes the broadest set of direct nerfs, Warlock receives an unusually large package of damage and utility buffs, Necromancer gains several targeted damage improvements, Rogue and Spiritborn pick up new scaling options, while Druid, Sorcerer and Paladin have much more mixed stories than their headline stat changes suggest.
This guide separates the official 3.2.0 numbers from interpretation. It covers the skills, Paragon effects, Legendary Aspects, Uniques and Talisman bonuses that actually changed, then identifies which archetypes gained the clearest support without pretending those changes establish a final tier list. It also flags the builds most exposed to another balance pass, bugs or seasonal Soul Splinter interactions before Season 15 launches.
Diablo 4 Season 15 PTR Status and What Is Actually Confirmed
The starting point is the official Diablo 4 3.2.0 PTR notes. Blizzard lists build 73123 for August 4 and says the PTR exists specifically to test changes before Season 15. The same page states that feedback will be used to fine-tune balance and eliminate bugs. That means every class number below is confirmed for the PTR build, but none should be treated as an immutable live value.
The PTR is also already closed. Blizzard ran it from August 4 at 10:00 a.m. PDT through August 11 at 10:00 a.m. PDT. As of August 29, Blizzard's public 3.2.0 article still does not provide a confirmed Season 15 launch date, so any guide presenting a specific release day as officially announced is going beyond Blizzard's published information. Players planning a fresh character should prepare a small shortlist instead of committing all resources to one PTR winner.
| Class | PTR direction | Most important change | Current confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barbarian | Mostly nerfed | Core stat scalar falls from 1.1 to 0.8, with additional Bleed and Paragon reductions | High confidence that current PTR power is being cut, low confidence on final live rank |
| Druid | Mixed | Core stat scalar rises to 1.625 and several Uniques are buffed, but major multipliers are reduced | Medium |
| Necromancer | Mostly buffed | Scalar increase plus Sever, Desecrated Ground, Blight, Soulrift and Unique buffs | Medium |
| Paladin | Mixed | Scalar and Judgement improvements arrive while Damage Over Time support is removed | Medium-low |
| Rogue | Positive but mechanical | Condemnation and several grenade or Combo Point tools gain new scaling | Medium |
| Sorcerer | Mixed to negative | Scalar rises, but Enchantment Master, Elemental Constellation and Frostball lose power | Medium |
| Spiritborn | Mostly buffed | Basic chains, Spirit Storm support and a new Swarm of Storms Paragon board gain power | Medium |
| Warlock | Strongly buffed | Large Hellfire, Demon and class-mechanic damage increases across the kit | High for PTR strength, low for unchanged live values |
The table is a direction map, not a ranking. A class can receive many nerfs and still test well because its old baseline was high, while a class can receive several buffs and remain behind because the buffs do not solve its best endgame bottleneck. That distinction is especially important for Barbarian, Druid, Necromancer and Sorcerer.
Biggest Season 15 Class Buffs and Nerfs in Patch 3.2.0

The most useful way to read a long PTR changelog is to identify the changes large enough to alter an archetype, not count how many green or red numbers appear under each class. Core stat scalars matter to almost every damage setup, while a Unique or Aspect adjustment can be even more important when one item carries most of a build's multiplier.
| Change | PTR value | Archetype impact |
|---|---|---|
| Barbarian core stat scalar | 1.1 to 0.8 damage per 10 Strength scaling | Broad damage loss before build-specific nerfs are counted |
| Druid core stat scalar | 1.25 to 1.625 | Broad baseline buff across applicable builds |
| Druid Greatstaff of the Crone | 60-80%[x] to 120-150%[x] | Large direct boost for Crone-centered setups |
| Necromancer Blight, Piercing Darkness | Adds 75% increased damage against Bosses | Direct help for an archetype that needs better single-target scaling |
| Rogue Condemnation | Spending Combo Points can preserve the same amount generated for 1 second | Reopens Combo Point sequencing and burst windows |
| Sorcerer Enchantment Master | 100%[x] to 60%[x] | Major loss for builds leaning on the node as a general multiplier |
| Spiritborn Fist of the Forest | 50% to 150% | Large direct buff to a specific Withering Fist variant |
| Warlock Dread Claws, Ravenous Jaws | 125% to 500% Eviscerate damage | One of several extreme-looking Warlock PTR increases |
These numbers explain why a final tier list would be misleading. Warlock's PTR sheet contains enough giant increases to make it an obvious test winner, but those same numbers create a high probability of retuning. Druid's scalar increase looks equally dramatic in isolation, yet it lands beside reductions to Might of the Ursine and Storm Shepherd's Call. The net result has to be tested as a build, not judged from one line.
Get any Diablo IV service from ExpCarry: raids, dungeons, PvP, leveling, gold, farming, coaching, and custom orders.
Barbarian: The Clearest Nerf Target, but Not Automatically Dead
Barbarian receives the most obvious class-wide reduction in the 3.2.0 notes. The core stat scalar drops from 1.1 to 0.8, reducing the damage gained from Strength before any archetype-specific nerfs are counted. Madawc also loses half its listed damage in both Rallying Cry and Call of the Ancients, while Two-Handed Sword Expertise has its Bleeding bonus cut from 30%[x] to 15%[x].
Bleed and Paragon scaling take multiple hits
The pressure continues through Paragon. Disembowel and Crusher fall from 20%[x] to 15%[x], Hemorrhage drops from 75%[x] to 60%[x], Blood Rage from 60%[x] to 45%[x], and Flawless Technique from 50%[x] to 45%[x]. Writhing Aspect and Battle-Mad Aspect are also reduced. A Bleed-oriented Barbarian therefore does not face one isolated nerf; it faces several smaller losses stacked across the same damage path.
Ring of the Ravenous is also weaker in duration, damage and Rend application, while Ramaladni's Magnum Opus changes from draining a flat 10 Fury per second to 10% of Maximum Fury. That percentage drain can be much harsher for high-Fury configurations. Players should recalculate resource sustainability instead of assuming an old Ramaladni rotation survives unchanged.
Ring of Red Furor is the main counterweight
There are meaningful positives. Ring of Red Furor now needs only 30 Fury to activate its guaranteed Critical Strike bonus instead of 100, then gains an additional Critical Strike Damage bonus for Fury spent above that threshold. Nomad's Longing Heart extends its double-damage condition to Healthy enemies, and Raid Leader's Aspect adds Damage Reduction.
This is why Barbarian should be described as heavily nerfed, not automatically declared weak. The official notes clearly reduce several major damage paths, but they do not establish Barbarian's final position relative to the other classes. The practical Season 15 plan is to avoid deleting a working Barbarian concept, but keep a backup item path ready. Anyone rerolling after final notes can shorten the replacement grind with a Diablo 4 leveling route once the live class numbers are known.
Druid and Necromancer: Big Paper Buffs With Different Risks
Druid and Necromancer both move from a 1.25 core stat scalar to 1.625 in the PTR. That is a broad baseline improvement, but the two classes should not be grouped together as equal winners. Druid has several compensating nerfs that make the net result build-dependent, while Necromancer gets a cleaner collection of skill, Aspect and Unique improvements but still needs real endgame testing before its live position can be judged.
Druid buffs are real, but the net result is less obvious
Greatstaff of the Crone jumps from 60-80%[x] to 120-150%[x]. Fleshrender's returning Tornado bonus rises from 40-50%[x] to 100-135%[x], and Airidah's Inexorable Will moves from 7-10%[x] to 30-45%[x]. Human Form also gains 15% Resource Regeneration, keeps 15% Cooldown Reduction and adds 10%[x] damage to applicable skills. Shifter's Aspect adds a short Damage Reduction window after changing form.
The problem is that Might of the Ursine is cut from 10-13%[x] to 2-4%[x] and limited to Werebear skills. Storm Shepherd's Call halves its damage gained per Spirit consumed from 0.5% to 0.25%, even though its maximum bonus is raised, its duration is extended and the effect can be refreshed. Those changes directly weaken two important scaling tools, so the 1.625 scalar and Unique buffs cannot be read as a simple class-wide win. Druid needs build-by-build testing before it can be labeled a Season 15 winner.
Necromancer receives a broader offensive package
Necromancer's changes are easier to read as buffs. Sever gets more reliable primary-target hits and Reaping Lotus rises from 40% to 60%. Plunging Darkness Desecrated Ground increases from 300% to 450%, Blood Wave's Path of Darkness ground damage rises from 600% to 800%, and Blight's Piercing Darkness gains 75% increased damage against Bosses. Soulrift increases from 300% to 350%, while Soul Vortex cuts 15 seconds from its cooldown.
Support pieces move in the same direction. Aspect of Debilitating Darkness doubles its Desecrated Ground bonus range, Aspect of Necrotic Carapace gains direct Damage Reduction, Shielding Bones receives more All Resistance, Embalmer nearly doubles Blood Orb healing, Ebonpiercer rises to 60-70%, and The Unmaker reaches 300-350%. On paper, Necromancer is one of the clearest beneficiaries of 3.2.0.
The caution is that numerical buffs do not automatically solve every archetype's mechanical limits. Desecrated Ground generation, cooldown spacing and the practical value of older Uniques still have to be tested in endgame content. So the right conclusion is not "Necromancer is S tier." It is that Blizzard added enough numerical support to make Sever, Blight, Soulrift and ground-damage variants worth retesting from scratch.
Rogue and Sorcerer: One Gains Build Options, the Other Trades Buffs for Lost Multipliers
Rogue gets a compact but interesting package built around Combo Points, Grenades and broader skill-tag interaction. Sorcerer gets a universal scalar increase and several Frost or Conjuration buffs, but it also loses power from important multipliers. The two classes illustrate why counting buffs and nerfs is less useful than identifying which build engines actually changed.
Rogue's best PTR story is Condemnation and Combo Points
Condemnation gains a new effect: generating Combo Points allows the Rogue to generate the same amount for one second when those points are spent. That creates a new sequencing window for Combo Point builds and makes Condemnation worth retesting with different spenders. Tricks of the Trade is also reworked so Marksman, Cutthroat, Mobility and Trap skill hits can each apply a 20%[x] increased-damage-taken contribution, changing how hybrid Rogue setups can build their damage window.
Grenadier's Aspect rises to 45-60%[x], with its Crowd Controlled target bonus moving to 75-100%[x]. Aspect of Artful Initiative increases to 40-50%[x], Poisonous Clouds adds a defensive reduction to damage dealt by Poisoned enemies, Pitfighter's Gull doubles its damage range, and Applied Alchemy's five-piece Talisman bonus rises from 200%[x] to 250%[x]. Rogue therefore looks better positioned to experiment with several engines rather than being forced into one obvious PTR build.
Players rebuilding a Rogue around Condemnation, Grenades or a changed Paragon route can use a Diablo 4 build setup as a progression option, but the build should be selected after final notes. Because Condemnation and several Rogue tools changed mechanically rather than only numerically, exact gearing decisions remain premature until the live 3.2.0 notes confirm the final behavior.
Sorcerer's 1.625 scalar does not erase its major nerfs
Sorcerer also rises from a 1.25 to 1.625 Intelligence scalar. Frozen Orb's Great Orbs of Fire variant now consumes only one Overpower stack to explode three times, Ball Lightning's Orbital variant can be cast while moving, Blue Rose rises from 40-60%[x] to 80-100%[x], and several Frost Aspects receive substantial numerical increases. Tirahj's Uncanny Insight gains a 60%[x] Conjuration multiplier at two pieces and a stronger five-piece bonus, while Breath of the Frozen Sea adds more Maximum Life, Barrier Generation and a 30% Mana Cost reduction for Frost skills at five pieces.
At the same time, Frostball Fireball loses two of its five Ice Spikes and each spike's listed damage falls from 170% to 85%. Pyromaniac drops from 18%[x] to 15%[x]. Enchantment Master falls from 100%[x] to 60%[x] and loses the extra benefit for using different elemental Enchantments. Elemental Constellation drops from 80-120%[x] to 45-60%[x]. These are not cosmetic changes; they hit general scaling tools that can affect multiple builds.
The safe interpretation is that Sorcerer gained meaningful Frost and Conjuration tools while losing several broad multipliers that previously supported multiple builds. That makes the class unusually sensitive to final tuning: the 1.625 scalar helps the baseline, but Enchantment Master, Elemental Constellation, Pyromaniac and Frostball all pull in the opposite direction. Sorcerer therefore needs build-specific testing rather than a single PTR-wide winner or loser label.
Spiritborn and Warlock: Strong PTR Direction, Different Levels of Nerf Risk
Spiritborn and Warlock both receive obvious offensive support, but Warlock is the more volatile case. Spiritborn gains a new Paragon board and several targeted increases that expand existing themes. Warlock receives unusually large direct increases across Hellfire, Eviscerate, Demon commands and class mechanics, making it the clearest numerical standout in the official PTR notes and one of the most obvious candidates for another tuning pass.
Spiritborn gains a new storm and swarm route
Rock Splitter's third attack rises from 80% to 110%, Thunderspike's third hit from 65% to 90%, and Thrash from 70% to 100%. Storm Conjurer doubles Spirit Storm damage from 100% to 200%, while Withering Fist's Fist of the Forest variant jumps from 50% to 150%. Counterattack of the Swarm is a notable exception, with Pestilent Swarm cut from 150% to 75%.
The larger structural addition is the Swarm of Storms Paragon board. Its Legendary Node increases skills that create Pestilent Swarms and Spirit Storms by 80%[x] and increases Storm Feather damage. Talon gains more Eagle Critical Strike damage, while Aspect of Endless Talons, Fleet Wings and Combined Strikes all move upward. That gives Spiritborn a clearer reason to revisit Eagle, Centipede and storm-swarm hybrids instead of treating the PTR as a simple flat damage patch.
Warlock is the clearest numerical PTR winner and a major retuning risk
Warlock's list is enormous. Dark Prison's Calamity variant rises from 30% to 200%. Doomfire Ritual increases burst damage from 175% to 250%. Infernal Breath climbs across its base and multiple variants, with Explosive Death moving from 100% to 200%. Ravenous Jaws raises Eviscerate damage from 125% to 500%. Vanguard Shard attacks receive increases measured in multiples rather than small percentage steps, and Legion Shard's Eviscerate damage jumps from 200% to 1000% of the Lesser Demon's damage.
The class mechanic improves too. Summon Valloch costs half as much Dominance, Command Abodian rises from 155% to 245% base damage and gets better target priority, and multiple defensive or damage Aspects gain new secondary effects. Several Warlock Uniques are also substantially rewritten. For a refresher on Wrath, Dominance, Demon commands and the class's core terminology, the existing Diablo 4 Warlock class guide covers the permanent class foundation separately from this Season 15 balance pass.
The scale of these buffs is enough to make Warlock the strongest numerical winner on paper, but that is not the same as a guaranteed live S-tier result. Blizzard explicitly uses the PTR to fine-tune balance and eliminate bugs, and the 3.2.0 notes already contain multiple Warlock bug fixes involving class mechanics and interactions. Warlock is therefore the clearest example of a PTR winner that should still be treated as highly exposed to pre-release retuning.
Paladin: More Judgement Power, but a Major Itemization Route Is Removed
Paladin's headline scalar rises from 1.25 to 1.625, matching the broad buff given to Druid, Necromancer and Sorcerer. The class also gets stronger Judgement support. Blessed Shield's Shield of Justice variant adds a 50%[x] Judgement damage increase after detonations, Judicator Oath makes single-target Judgement deal 100% increased damage, and Aspect of the Judicator raises Judgement's damage and size bonus from 40-60% to 60-80%.
But the same notes remove Damage Over Time affixes from Paladin items and prevent Paladin from equipping X'fal's Corroded Signet. That is a major itemization change, not a minor nerf. Any Paladin setup that depended on item-based DoT scaling or X'fal must be rebuilt around direct damage, Critical Strikes, Judgement or another supported engine.
Cathedral Song is also rewritten so repeated Judgement consumption, rather than a Lucky Hit from Disciple skills, calls Spear of the Heavens. Heaven's Radiant Fire changes how Judgement Day stacks work. Together with the new single-target bonus from Judicator Oath, these revisions give Judgement-focused Paladin setups clearer support, but the final power level still depends on live tuning and how the loss of DoT itemization affects existing builds.
The existing Season 14 Paladin build guide remains useful as a reference for the class's current live archetypes, but its item assumptions should not be copied directly into Season 15. The removal of Damage Over Time affixes and X'fal access is enough to force a fresh audit of rings, affixes and damage buckets.
Who Looks Strongest on the Season 15 PTR?

A responsible PTR ranking should measure confidence, not pretend to know final placement. The official notes tell us which numbers changed. Community testing helps reveal which builds actually converted those numbers into endgame performance, but PTR gear generation, temporary seasonal powers, bugs and incomplete balance all distort the picture.
| PTR group | Classes | Reason | Main reason the result can change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clear numerical standout | Warlock | Large buffs across Hellfire, Demon, Eviscerate, class mechanics and Uniques | The size of the official buffs makes further tuning plausible before launch |
| Positive direction | Spiritborn, Rogue | New scaling routes and multiple targeted improvements without a class-wide scalar nerf | Mechanical bugs and final tuning can move individual builds |
| Paper winner, mixed testing | Necromancer | Scalar, skills, Aspects and Uniques all receive useful buffs | Numerical buffs still need to prove themselves in endgame testing |
| Mixed and needs another look | Druid, Sorcerer, Paladin | Strong individual buffs arrive beside lost multipliers or major itemization changes | Likely targets for compensation or further tuning |
| Largest official nerf package | Barbarian | Core scalar, Bleed, Paragon and item reductions stack together | The nerfs are clear, but final relative class position still depends on the live balance pass |
If choosing a PTR class purely for experimentation, Warlock offers the most obvious new numerical ceiling, Spiritborn has one of the clearest new build directions, and Rogue has useful mechanical changes worth learning. If choosing a class for launch, the safer move is to wait for final notes. Warlock is especially exposed to retuning because several of its official damage increases are far larger than ordinary balance adjustments.
Seasonal power also matters. Soul Splinters can add large bonuses with serious drawbacks, so a build that looks exceptional on PTR may be benefiting from a seasonal interaction rather than only class tuning. The separate Diablo 4 Soul Splinters guide explains those tradeoffs and why losing Critical Strike Chance, Movement Speed or resource capacity can change which class build performs best.
What Blizzard Can Still Change Before Season 15 Goes Live
Blizzard has already defined the 3.2.0 build as test content, not final live balance. The company says it will use feedback to tune balance and fix bugs, and as of August 29 the current Diablo 4 live patch notes still list patch 3.1.3, build 73224, dated August 12. Season 15 class numbers should therefore remain labeled PTR until a final 3.2.0 live changelog is published.
The highest-risk areas are easy to identify. Warlock's extreme Hellfire and Eviscerate scaling can still be reduced. Druid could receive further tuning if the scalar and Unique buffs do not offset the loss of major multipliers. Sorcerer's reduced general multipliers may be adjusted again, while Paladin's new Judgement support has to be balanced against the loss of DoT affixes and X'fal access. Rogue is also sensitive to final mechanical tuning because Condemnation changes Combo Point sequencing rather than simply adding a flat multiplier.
- Expect numerical retuning: giant PTR multipliers are the first place to look for pre-release changes.
- Expect bug fixes: the PTR notes already include class-specific interaction fixes, and any bug-dependent result is not a safe launch target.
- Watch resource mechanics: Ramaladni's percentage Fury drain and Soul Splinter drawbacks can change entire rotations.
- Watch item rewrites: unique powers such as Cathedral Song, Condemnation and several Warlock pieces have mechanical changes, not only higher numbers.
- Watch class-wide scalars: Barbarian's reduction and the 1.625 increases for several classes have broad effects that may be revisited if testing overshoots.
The official Lord of Hatred class and system overview is also useful context because Diablo 4 now has eight classes, expanded skill variants and Talisman systems layered into balance. Season 15 tuning is happening on top of that larger 2026 class redesign rather than on the older five-class game.
How to Prepare a Class for Season 15 Without Chasing a Fake Tier List
The best preparation is flexible. You do not need to guess the final S tier to gain an advantage. You need one primary class, one backup, a clear understanding of which items or mechanics changed, and a plan that does not depend on a PTR interaction Blizzard can remove overnight.
- Pick two classes, not one winner. Choose a preferred class and one backup from a different risk category. Warlock plus Rogue, for example, gives you one high-upside but high-nerf-risk option and one more stable mechanical rework.
- Identify the exact build engine. Write down whether the build depends on Bleed, Judgement, Combo Points, Desecrated Ground, Conjuration, Spirit Storm, Hellfire or another specific system.
- Compare every core item to the PTR notes. A single rewritten Unique can matter more than ten small skill buffs.
- Separate seasonal power from class power. Test whether Soul Splinters are carrying the result. A build that collapses without one seasonal effect may not be the safest long-term choice.
- Wait for the final 3.2.0 live notes before expensive gearing. Do not lock Masterworking, rare materials or a full reroll around a PTR-only multiplier.
- Test in real endgame content. Pit pushing, boss damage, speed farming and survivability expose different weaknesses. One impressive target-dummy number does not make a complete build.
Once final balance is live, players who want to measure a finished build in scaling content can use a Diablo 4 Pit progression route for repeated endgame runs. The important timing is after the live patch, not during the PTR window, because the point is to test the version that will actually define Season 15 progression.
Diablo 4 Season 15 Class Changes FAQ
These answers focus on the questions that matter before launch: whether the PTR changes are final, which classes gained the most, which class was hit hardest and how much weight to give current test results.
Are the Diablo 4 Season 15 class changes final?
No. The 3.2.0 numbers are official PTR values, but Blizzard explicitly says PTR feedback is used to adjust balance and fix bugs before the next season goes live.
Which class got the biggest buffs on the Season 15 PTR?
Warlock has the largest and most aggressive package of direct buffs in the notes, including major Hellfire, Eviscerate, Demon and class-mechanic increases. That also makes Warlock one of the most likely classes to be retuned before release.
Which class got the biggest nerfs?
Barbarian receives the clearest broad nerf package. Its core stat scalar falls from 1.1 to 0.8 and several Bleed, Paragon, Aspect and item multipliers are also reduced.
Is Druid a Season 15 winner because its core stat scalar increased?
Not automatically. Druid does gain the 1.625 scalar and several large Unique buffs, but Might of the Ursine and Storm Shepherd's Call are reduced. The class needs build-by-build testing before it can be called a confirmed Season 15 winner.
Is Necromancer strong in Season 15?
Necromancer is one of the stronger classes on paper because the scalar, Sever, Blight, Soulrift, Desecrated Ground, Aspects and several Uniques all move upward. Its final live ceiling remains uncertain until those numerical buffs are tested against the finalized 3.2.0 balance.
Did Sorcerer get buffed or nerfed?
Both. Sorcerer receives a higher Intelligence scalar and buffs to several Frost, Conjuration and item tools, but Enchantment Master, Elemental Constellation, Pyromaniac and Frostball are reduced. The net result depends heavily on the build.
Is Rogue good on the Season 15 PTR?
Rogue has several promising mechanical changes, especially around Condemnation, Combo Points, Grenades and Tricks of the Trade. The official notes support calling its direction positive, but they do not justify assigning Rogue a final live tier before 3.2.0 is finalized.
Is Warlock guaranteed to be the best Season 15 class?
No. Warlock is the clearest numerical PTR standout, but the size of its official buffs and Blizzard's stated intent to retune PTR balance make it a major candidate for further changes. A test winner is not the same as a confirmed live winner.
When does Diablo 4 Season 15 start?
As of August 29, Blizzard's 3.2.0 PTR article confirms the August 4-11 test window but still does not publish an official Season 15 launch date. Do not treat a specific September date as formally confirmed until Blizzard posts the season announcement.
Conclusion
Diablo 4 patch 3.2.0 creates a real class shake-up, but the honest headline is PTR direction rather than a finished Season 15 tier list. Barbarian takes the broadest official nerf package. Warlock receives the most explosive buffs and is the clearest test standout, but its extreme numbers carry obvious retuning risk. Spiritborn and Rogue gain useful new scaling paths, Necromancer receives a strong collection of direct buffs, and Druid, Sorcerer and Paladin all combine promising improvements with enough losses or weak test feedback to remain uncertain.
The safest launch preparation is to track the exact engine behind each build, keep a backup class, separate Soul Splinter power from permanent class power and wait for Blizzard's final 3.2.0 live notes before committing expensive gear or a full seasonal reroll. Use the PTR to identify what deserves testing, not to declare a permanent S tier. When Season 15 balance is finalized, recheck every class-wide scalar, rewritten Unique and major multiplier before treating any current winner or loser as settled.







